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A. Speaking skill:
Effective speaking is a very important skill for
it shapes our everyday communication.
Whether our life saih smoothly or roughly, it depends on our skills of effective communication that largely centres on the spoken words.
Our ideas, thoughts, request etc. are communicatod to the intended receiver mostly trough the spoken words.
Whereas effective spoken communication showers unbound happiness in our lives, the miseries of our lives are equally caused by poor speaking skills.
Iin our course of spoken interaction, we very often feel that some people are very difficeult to follow or sound very boring and uninteresting, and therefore, end up remaining in a perplexed or uninteresting state of communicated messagc.
To spcak a language
elfectively one shoulo Jave ntinimum knowledge of linguistic features like
sounds, syllable, wond stress, sentence stress and intonatian.
A.1. Phonetic symbols:
We all know that letters and sounds are two different aspects of the English language.
The modem dictionaries for Erglish learners give phonetic transcriptions to offer the correct sound by using phopetic symbols for the sounds of the words.
For correct pronunciation one has to learm the phonetie symbols and accordingly find their traiscription in the dictianary.
(Look at the study pages of the dictionay like Longman Dictionary of
Contemporary English, Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary, Cambridge Advanced
Learner's Dictionary and the like.)
A.2. Word stress:
Non-rnative speakers find it difficult to understand hative speakers of a langunge especially those who speak fast Also, the native spcakers may find it difficult to understand them.
This happens mainly for the lack of knowledge on the part of the non-native speaker in using word stress.
In English, each syllable is not spoken with the same force or strength. In one word we say one syllable very loudly and all the other svllables very quietly.
As for example, in the words teacher, important and demand the underlined syllable are spoken loudly and the rest are spoken very quictly.
In fact, only
when we use word stress in our speech, we will instantly and automatically
improve our pronunciation and comprehension skill.
A.3. Sentence stress
Sentence Stress is actually the "music"
of spoken communication, the thing that gives the language its particular
"beat" or "rhythm". Sentence stress do not change the
meaning of the sentence all together, but adds the speaker's feelings,
emotions, wishes etc to at a particular time or situation.
We should remember
that word stress is aecent on one syllable within a word.
In a sentence content words like main verbs, houn,
adjectives, adverbs, negative auxiliaries cte are stressed and the structure
words like pronouns, prepositions, articles, conjunctions and auxiliary verbs
are not generally stressed.
For example in the sentence 'She came here
yesterday can be stressed in four different ways Le
She came here vesterday- if we say the word she'
loudly it will emphasize only she, not he ar they as the target people.
She came here yesterday- if we say the word 'came'
loudly it will emphasize only on her coming, not her telephoning.
She came here yesterday- if we say the word
"here' loudly it will emphasize only on her coming here, not there or any
other place
She Came here yesterday- if we say the word
'yesterday loudiv it will emphasize only on her coming yesterday, not today or
on any other day.
A.4.Intonation:
Every language has its own intonation exclusively specific to that language only. While learming a language, it is very important to know its intonation patterm in order to indicate certain grammatical differences, for instance, the one existing between statements and questions.
The sentence He spoke like that can he a
statement when said with falling intonation, and it can be a question with
rising intonation.
The most important tones in English grammar are
falling tone, rising tone and falling -rising tone.
While a fallis tone means completeness and certainty, a rising tone stands for incompleteness and uncertainty.
Again, a falling rising tone is a combination of assertion and
independence of falling tone and uncertainty and dependence cf rising tone.
A.5. Presentation skill:
Most careers will require that we give
presentations or deliver speeches to a group of people in a structure manner in
order to inform, influence or entertain the audience.
The thought of giving a presentation or talk to a group of people can be very frightening to the beginner, even expert professionals can feel nervous.
The following public
speaking tips will keep us away from the common causes of speaking anxiety and
overcome
stage fright.
1. We should understand the purpase of the
presentation
2. We should be prepared and keep the message
clear and concise
3. We should be vivid when delivering the message
4. We should keep our body language up-beat-don't
stay stuck behind a podium
5. We should use examples to bring our points to
life.
6. We should use a variety of tones of voice
7. We should not talk to fast. Nonverbal cues and
pauses should be used judiciously.
8. We should use visual aids.
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